Análises do perfil aromático da carne caprina cozida de animais mestiços foram realizadas utilizando-se animais castrados e inteiros, abatidos com idades de 175, 220, 265 e 310 dias. O perfil aromático da carne caprina foi constituído por 108 voláteis, sendo que 69 foram positivamente identificados e 39 parcialmente caracterizados utilizando-se análises de CG-EM. O perfil aromático da carne caprina foi formado por hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e alicíclicos, aldeídos, compostos benzênicos, álcoois, cetonas, terpenóides, ésteres e compostos heterocíclicos sulfurados, hexadecanal, benzeno, heptano e octadecanal foram os voláteis que apresentaram os maiores índices de abundância relativa. Nas análises quantitativa e qualitativa observaram-se uma predominância de voláteis nos extratos de carne de caprinos castrados. O número total de voláteis e a abundância relativa das diferentes classes de compostos não foram claramente afetados pelo fator idade de abate.

The volatile profile of cooked goat meat was analysed using meat from castrated and intact animals slaughtered at 175, 220, 265 and 310 days. A total of 108 volatiles was detected and from them 69 was identified and a further 39 were partially characterised by GC-MS. The volatile profile was composed by hydrocarbons aliphatic and alicyclic, aldehydes, benzenoid compounds, alcohols, ketones, terpenoids, esters and sulfur compounds. Hexadecanal, benzen, heptane and octadecanal were among the volatiles with highest relative abundance. In both qualitative and quantitative analyses extracts from castrated meat had higher production of volatiles. The total number and the relative abundance of different classes of compounds seemed not to be cleared affected by slaughter age factor.

Mirtazapine is an antidepressant whose side effect profile differs from that of first-line agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) used in the treatment of panic disorder. The present study compared the effect of mirtazapine and fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder in a double-blind, randomized, flexible-dose trial conducted with outpatients. After a 1-week single-blind placebo run-in, 27 patients entered an 8-week double-blind phase in which they were randomly assigned to treatment with either mirtazapine or fluoxetine. Both groups improved significantly in all but one efficacy measure (P<=0.01). ANOVA showed no significant differences between the two treatment groups in number of panic attacks, Hamilton Anxiety Scale or Sheehan Phobic Scale, whereas measures of patient global evaluation of phobic anxiety were significantly different between groups (F1,20 = 6.91, P = 0.016) favoring mirtazapine. For the 22 patients who completed the study, the mean daily dose of mirtazapine was 18.3 ± 1.3 vs 14.0 ± 1.0 mg for fluoxetine at the endpoint. Weight gain occurred more frequently in the mirtazapine group (50 vs 7.7%, P = 0.04) and nausea and paresthesia occurred more often in the fluoxetine group (P = 0.01). Results suggest that mirtazapine has properties that make it attractive for the treatment of panic disorder.

O efeito da idade de abate na composição centesimal e mineral, no pH, na atividade de água e nas qualidades sensoriais da carne caprina foi estudado, utilizando-se para tanto animais machos abatidos ao completarem 175, 220, 265 e 310 dias de nascimento. Após o abate e a desossa, a carne caprina foi submetida às análises físico-químicas de pH, Aw, Ca, Fe e P; às determinações de composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, proteínas e gorduras) e à análise sensorial, onde foram observados os atributos de: aparência, aroma "caprino", aroma de carne assada, sabor, suculência, maciez, textura e a qualidade da carne. A análise de Variância (ANOVA) dos dados mostrou que as concentrações de umidade, proteínas, cálcio, ferro e pH foram significativamente influenciadas pelo fator idade de abate. Os teores de gordura, proteína e ferro aumentaram com a idade de abate, enquanto que a umidade diminuiu. Através dos teste da análise sensorial, ficou evidente que a idade dos caprinos apresentou um efeito significativo nos atributos sensoriais analisados, tendo-se detectado diferenças significativas entre os caprinos de diferentes idades de abate nos atributos de aparência, aroma "caprino", aroma de carne assada, suculência e maciez. A partir dos resultados das análises físico-químicas e sensoriais pôde-se observar, que o abate de animais mais velhos, isto é, com 310 dias, resultou em ganho nos parâmetros químicos (composição centesimal e mineral) investigados, embora a carne de caprinos abatidos com menor idade (175 dias) tivesse a preferência dos provadores.

The effect of slaughter age on proximate composition and mineral, pH, Aw and sensory analysis were studied in goat meat from Paraiba State flock. Goats were slaughtered at 175, 220, 265 and 310 days old. After slaughter the carcasses were chilled, and total lean was subjected to physic-chemical analysis (pH, Aw, Ca, Fe, P), proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein and fat). In addition sensorial analysis, in which attributes of appearance, goaty aroma, roasted meat aroma, flavour, juiciness, tenderness, texture and overall palatability were also evaluated. Slaughter age had a significant effect on moisture, protein, iron, calcium and pH. Fat, protein and iron contents increased with advancing slaughter age, while moisture content decreased. Results from sensorial analyses showed that slaughter age had a significant effect on organoleptic qualities from goat meat, significant variation on the attributes of appearance, goaty aroma, roasted meat aroma, juiciness, tenderness and overall palatability. Data from chemical composition and sensorial analysis indicated slaughtering "mestiços" goats at 310 days exerted favourable effects on the chemical parameters (proximate composition and mineral), although goat meat from animals slaughtered at 175 days was preferred by the panellists.

Intra-amygdala infusion of the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) prior to testing impairs inhibitory avoidance retention test performance. Increased training attenuates the impairing effects of amygdala lesions and intra-amygdala infusions of CNQX. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of additional training on the impairing effects of intra-amygdala CNQX on expression of the inhibitory avoidance task. Adult female Wistar rats bilaterally implanted with cannulae into the border between the central and the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala were submitted to a single session or to three training sessions (0.2 mA, 24-h interval between sessions) in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. A retention test session was held 48 h after the last training. Ten minutes prior to the retention test session, the animals received a 0.5-µl infusion of CNQX (0.5 µg) or its vehicle (25% dimethylsulfoxide in saline). The CNQX infusion impaired, but did not block, retention test performance in animals submitted to a single training session. Additional training prevented the impairing effect of CNQX. The results suggest that amygdaloid non-NMDA receptors may not be critical for memory expression in animals given increased training.

São apresentados os resultados de estudo multidisciplinar de 15 pacientes com esclerose tuberosa, 8 do sexo masculino e 7 do sexo feminino, com idades entre 19 meses e 23 anos; 11 foram considerados como casos esporádicos e, em 4, não foi possível precisar os antecedentes familiares. Foram observadas as seguintes manifestações cutâneas: adenoma de Pringle em 9 casos; manchas acrômicas em 9 casos; fibroma periungueal em 3 casos. Dos 15 casos 13 apresentaram D.M., deficiência mental, enquanto os outros 2 tinham inteligência limítrofe. Com exceção de 2 pacientes, todos tinham crises epilépticas e os tipos de crises mais frequentemente observados foram as ausências atípicas e as crises tônicas. Espasmos infantis estavam presentes em 3 casos e em apenas um caso o eletrencefalograma apresentou aspecto hipsarrítmico. A tomografia axial computadorizada, realizada em 7 casos, revelou calcificações periventriculares em todos, mesmo naqueles que apresentaram RX simples de crânio normal (4 casos).

Report of a multidisciplinary study of patients affected with tuberous sclerosis, 8 of them males and 7 females, with ages ranging from 19 months to 23 years; 11 of these cases were sporadic, while the remaining 4 cases lacked information regarding family data. The following skin signs were observed: Pringle's adenoma in 9 cases; achromatic spots in 9 cases; periungueal fibroma in 3 cases. One of the patients had a heart tumor. Two patients had borderline intelligence, while the other 13 were mentally retarded of varying degrees. Epileptic seizures were present in 13 patients, atypical absence and tonus crises were frequent. Three of the patients had had infantile spasms in the first year of life as the first neurological symptom of the disease. Computer assisted axial tomography was performed in 7 cases and was positive in all of them, by revealing intracranial calcifications even in 4 cases in which the standard X - ray pictures had been silent about this eventuality.